Ancient Egyptian Culture and Its Influence on Poetry Essay

Cultured and socially structured, Ancient Egypt was a civilization highly advanced for its time. The Nile River provided the gift of fresh water allowing the surrounding land to be settled. Its yearly predictable flooding created fertile soil for farming. This was the perfect environment in which Egyptian society would prosper. Egypt was equipped with all the amenities of a modern society including people who married, had children, practiced religion, and even had festivals with food, beer, music and dancing. All that is known about ancient Egypt is a result of the hieroglyphic carvings of the Great Pyramid walls and on tombs of dead. Originally from the Book of The Dead, â€Å"The Chapter Of Changing Into Ptah† was and remains a significant†¦show more content†¦The first stanza contains a total of nineteen lines and is composed of three common literary themes, change, culture and religion. The chapter is about the speaker changing into Ptah who is the â€Å"lord of life, he conceived the elements of the universe with his heart and brought them into being with his tongue†(Rothenberg 524). Activities such as dancing, music and various religious festivals or gatherings were common sources of entertainment. Especially crucial to the culture and society of ancient Egypt was beer, also known as the drink of Egypt. All social classes were allowed to consume beer, man or woman. Bread was also of cultural importance because it was one of the main components of the ancient diet and often was presented in the hieroglyphics next to beer. In lines one and two â€Å"I eat bread / I drink ale.(1-2)†, the reader becomes aware of the significance of beer and bread within this culture. At the end of the first stanza the reader knows that a man is speaking of his attendance at the festival of a Great God. The theme of power begins to prevail; â€Å"All that is abominable, all that is abominable I will not eat. / Shit is abominable, I will not eat it. / All that is abominable to my Ka (double personality) will not enter my body.(7-9)† extreme emphasis on the fact that nothing inferior will be consumed by him is presented trough anaphora. The combination of refusing to eat anything abominable and the statements, â€Å"I will live on what the GodsShow MoreRelatedAncient Egypt And Ancient Egyptian Culture2322 Words   |  10 Pages The Egyptian culture has long been considered quite optimistic. It should be argued that of all ancient civilisations and cultures, the ancient Egyptian culture, is by far the most optimistic; in terms of everyday outlook on life, religion and death. The ancient Egyptian culture when compared to its nearby neighbours in the Levant and Mesopotamia is indeed optimistic. 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Business Intelligence, Analytics, And Supply Chain Management

Abstract: The amount of data available to suppliers has increased over the last several years. Business intelligence is a becoming a larger influence on the profitability of organizations and is affecting their supply chain management. Until recently, there has been little clarity into the relationship between business intelligence, analytics and supply chain management, but with the shift in information technology, organizations can now collect and organize information more clearly. Technologies like the cloud and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) have increased efficiencies in the supply chain and allowed companies to find cost saving opportunities through analytics. The cloud enabled companies and suppliers to share data on one network†¦show more content†¦Until recently, academics and practitioners have had little clarity into the relationship between business intelligence, analytics and supply chain management, but with the shift in information technology, organizations can now collect and organize information more clearly. The ability to effectively analyze this new information has made supply chain management more efficient and uniform across different industries. Over the past decade, Big Data and analytics have come to play a major role in supply chain management with the increasing pressure to find ways to be more efficient and cost effective. Scholastic journals and peer reviews continue to iterate several themes between supply chain management, Big Data and analytics, and business intelligence. The theme that was shown throughout most of the journals researched is consolidating and standardizing data across suppliers leads to greater transparency and performance. Other major themes repeated throughout the articles were business intelligence leads to more opportunities for cost and service improvements, and the more data that is clean, timely, and in the desired forecast, the more productive analytics will be. Many also discussed the effective methods and technologies used to facilitate change in supply chain management to attain a more integrated supply chain, and performance measurements that have been used internally to handle changing supply chains. Many

Report on Fmcg Market Sructure and Market Share Free Essays

PROJECT REPORT ON FMCG MARKET SRUCTURE AND MARKET SHARE What is FMCG? FMCG is an acronym for Fast Moving Consumer Goods, which refer to things that we buy from local supermarkets on daily basis, the things that are non-durable, sold quickly, at relatively low cost, have high turnover and are relatively cheaper. FMCG’s constitute a large part of consumers’ budget in all countries. The most common in thelist are baby foods, toilet soaps, detergents, shampoos, toothpaste, cosmetics, shaving products, shoe polish, refined cooking oil, packaged foodstuff, soft drinks, chocolate bar, tissue paper and other household accessories and extends to certain electronic goods and other non-durables such as glassware, bulbs, batteries, paper products and plastic goods, such as buckets etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Report on Fmcg Market Sructure and Market Share or any similar topic only for you Order Now These items are meant for daily of frequent consumption and have a high return. FMCG are products that have a quick shelf turnover, at relatively low cost and don’t require a lot of thought, time and financial investment to purchase. The margin of profit on every individual FMCG product is less but as they sell in large quantities so the cumulative profit on such products are high. Hence profit in FMCG goods always translates to number of goods sold. The main segments of FMCG sector are : ) Personal care, Oral Care, Hair Care, Skin Care, Personal Wash (cosmetics and toiletries (soaps), deodorants, perfumes, male grooming, feminine hygiene, paper product); 2) Household care (fabric wash laundry soaps, synthetic detergents, household cleaners, such as dish/utensil cleaners, floor cleaners, toilet cleaners, air fresheners, insecticides and mosquito repellents, metal polish and furniture polish); 3) Packaged food and health beverages (flour, tea, coffee, sugar, staples, cereals, dairy products, chocolates, soft drinks, juices, bottled water, snack food, choco lates and cakes) 4) Tobacco. India ; the FMCG Market: The Indian FMCG sector is an important contributor to the country’s GDP. The Indian FMCG sector with a market size of US$14. 8 billion is the fourth largest sector in the economy and is responsible for 5% of the total factory employment in India. The FMCG industry also creates employment for 3 million people in downstream activities, much of which is disbursed in small towns and rural India. This FMCG industry has witnessed strong growth in the past decade. This has been due to liberalization, urbanization, increase in the disposable incomes and altered lifestyle. Furthermore, the FMCG boom increased due to the reduction in excise duties, packaging innovations etc. and unlike the perception that the FMCG sector is a producer of  luxury items targeted for the elite but in reality, the sector meets the every day needs of the masses. The lower-middle income group accounts for over 60% of the sector’s sales. At present, urban India accounts for 66% of total FMCG consumption, with rural India accounting for the remaining 34%. The growing incline of rural and semi-urban folks for FMCG products will be mainly responsible for the growth in this sector, as manufacturers will have to deepen their concentration for higher sales volumes. Many of the global FMCG majors have been present in the country for many decades. But in the last ten years, many of the smaller rung Indian FMCG companies have gained in scale. As a result, the unorganized and regional players have witnessed erosion in the market share. Availability of key raw materials, cheaper labor costs and presence across the entire value chain gives India a competitive advantage. The FMCG market is set to double from USD 14. 7 billion in 2008-09 to USD 30 billion in 2012. FMCG sector will witness more than 60 per cent growth in rural and semi-urban India. The bottom line is that Indian market is changing rapidly and is showing unprecedented consumer business opportunity. History of FMCG in India: In India, companies like ITC, HLL, Colgate, Cadbury and Nestle have been a dominant force in the FMCG sector well supported by relatively less competition and high entry barriers (import duty was high). These companies were, therefore, able to charge a premium for their products. In this context, the margins were also on the higher side. With the gradual opening up of the economy over the last decade, FMCG companies have been forced to fight for a market share. In the process, margins have been compromised, more so in the last six years (FMCG sector witnessed decline in demand). The following are the main characteristics of FMCGs: †¢ From the customer’s perspective: 1. Frequent purchase 2. Low involvement (little or no effort to choose the item — products with strong brand loyalty are exceptions to this rule) . Low price †¢ From the companies perspective: 1. High volumes 2. Low contribution margins 3. Extensive distribution networks 4. High stock turnover Major FMCG companies in India: Hindustan Unilever Ltd. , ITC (Indian Tobacco Company), Nestle India Ltd. , GCMMF (AMUL), Dabur India, Asian Paints (India), Cadbury India, Britannia Industries, Procter Gamble Hygiene and Health Care, Marico Industries, Nirma, Coca-Cola, Pepsi MARKET S HARE OF FMCG COMPANIES (BABY FOOD) IN INDIA FROM 2001 TO 2010 Bottom of Form In the above pie chart we see the total sales during the financial years from 2001 to 2010 of various FMCG Food Beverage companies in India . THE COMPARATIVE DATA OF % MARKET SHARE OF NESTLE INDIA LTD. WITH ALL OTHER COMPETITOR, DURING THE LAST 10 YEARS FROM 2001 TO 2010 (Above graph showing the FMCG Food Beverage – Baby Food companies percentage market share in the last 10 years from 2001to 2010) So we can see that in overall FMCG business Nestle India Ltd is distantly ahead of the rest of the companies as far as market share is concerned. MARKET SHARE IN THE YEAR 2010 Measurement of Market Structure: Herfindahl–Hirschman Index: Si is the market share of the ith firm Numbers-Equivalent of firms: Reciprocal of HHI FOOD BEVERGE COMPANIES (BABY FOOD)| MARKET SHARE IN 2010 (Si)| | Cadbury India Ltd. | 0. 185753| 0. 034| Cepham Milk Specialities Ltd. | 0| 0| Continental Milkose (India) Ltd. | 0. 012213| 1. 491| Glaxosmithkline Consumer Healthcare Ltd. | 0. 188628| 0. 036| Heinz India Pvt. Ltd. | 0| 0| Jagatjit Industries Ltd. | 0. 084911| 7. 209| Kaira District Co-Op. Milk Producers’ Union Ltd. | 0. 028029| 7. 856| Nestle India Ltd. | 0. 75272| 0. 225| Raptakos, Brett Co. Ltd. | 0. 025194| 6. 347| TOTAL =| 23. 198| Therefore, HHI = = 23. 198 Reciprocal of HHI = 1/23. 198 =0. 043 Priyanka please check the previous calculation, I am not getting the correct data. FMCG SALES GROWTH OF LAST 10 YEARS As per the sales figures received of the year 2001 to 2011, in the past 10 years from 2001 to 2010, after plotting the datas, we notice that the g raph for Nestle is steeply rising, where as for Cadbury and Glaxo, the graph rise is considerable, but for Jagatjit and Milkfood the graph rise is very minimal. Thus Nestle being the market leader enjoys the position of the market laeder and also the profit. FMCG SALES VOLUME GROWTH IN THE LAST 10 YEARS FROM 2001 TO 2010 (Graph showing the FMCG trend throughout the last 10 years. ) FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES India is a fast developing country with a huge population whose per capita income is growing rapidly and there is huge opportunity for the FMCG companies. The opportunities are as follows: * Increasing per capita income is driving FMCG growth in India * India’s consuming class is growing rapidly Changing consumption pattern: Per capita income of Indian customer is increasing and FMCG products are relatively elastic in nature hence the expected sale should increase. PER CAPITA INCOME (Rs) (Above graph showing the trend of Per Capita Income of Indians and datas are collected from a research made by Govt. of India). ) As shown in the above graph the Per Capita Income of an Indian increases gradually throughout the years, and if this trend continues, then in future Indian Population will have more purchase power and will purchase more FMCG products. % OF PAST POPULATION RISE AND FUTURE EXPECTATION Above graph shows the past population and expected future population rise, data are collected from the research made by Govt. of India). Here by the above graphs we can see that there is huge scope for FMCG products and since Nestle India Ltd. is the market leader in India hence it can gain the most out of it. SWOT ANALYSIS: Strength 1. Low operational costs 2. Established distribution networks in both urban and rural areas. 3. Presence of well-known brands in FMCG sector. Weaknesses 1. Lower scope of investing in technology and achieving economies of scale. . Low exports levels 3. Counterfeit Products. Opportunities 1. Untapped rural market 2. Rising income levels 3. Large domestic market-. 4. Export potential 5. High consumer goods spending. Threats 1. Removal of import restrictions. 2. Slowdown in rural demand. 3. Tax and regulatory structure. CONCLUSION Customers in India are also spending more in FMCG as their standard of living are growing. Though there was some downfall in sales and profit, in the beginning of this decade but after that considerable rise in both sales and profit, is seen. Many FMCG companies has started project, to directly reach the rural market. This may be considered as a revolutionary step since the urban market is reaching its saturation level and there is a huge scope exploring in the rural market. This will also be helpful not only increasing its market share but also fight competition. BIBLIOGRAPHY In order to make this project we have taken the help of the following websites books: * www. wikipedia. com * www. oppapers. com * www. scribd. com Besides it, various books were also consulted to prepare the project report. How to cite Report on Fmcg Market Sructure and Market Share, Papers